Annotated Bibliography Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How have anthropologists responded to colonialism in different Essay - 1

How have anthropologists reacted to expansionism in various authentic minutes - Essay Example Here and there rivalry is solid for improvement, however at specific occasions it is done by individuals by and by until they hold resentment against the others. In such, expansionism is additionally significant as it shows how social orders structure, conflict, improve and how individuals cooperate and adapt up to the circumstance. For the investigation at that point, the perspective of anthropologists would be analyzed in light of imperialism and how ethnographic information would assume a noteworthy job in the examination and history of expansionism. Before going profoundly into the connections of the ideas of expansionism, ethnographic information and humanities, it is smarter to characterize and set essential establishments with respect to the subjects include in the examination. It would incredibly help in acknowledging and understanding their connections in the wake of knowing every last one of them. The principal idea in the examination is human studies. It would be the persp ective to be utilized because of ethnographic information with respect to imperialism. Humanities is supposed to be the â€Å"study of human conduct in all spots and consistently. It joins humanistic, logical, organic, authentic, mental and social perspectives on human behavior,† (Angrosino 2002: 1). Different parts of the person are being concentrated in human studies. The starting point of individual is the primary worry of human sciences and it would cut across different controls like the humanities, logical research, regular sciences and the sociologies like history, brain research and human science. The definition underpins the case that â€Å"anthropology is all encompassing in that it consolidates the investigation of human science, history and the scholarly and shared examples of human conduct and thought† which is known as the â€Å"culture so as to break down human groups,† (Nanda and Warms 2011: 20). The investigation isn't just worried about the indi vidual yet with the communications in the general public also. Humanities can likewise be characterized as â€Å"the similar investigation of human social orders and societies. Its will probably depict, break down, and clarify various societies, to show how gatherings have adjusted to their surroundings and offered centrality to their lives,† (Nanda and Warms 2011: 20). The subsequent definition brings up that the focal point of human sciences is the general public and culture as individuals collaborate with each other and structure gatherings. Furthermore, each gathering and subgroup of the social orders framed has its unmistakable culture or propensities that are one of a kind to the individuals from such gatherings. The individuals who study human sciences are called anthropologists. Human studies has numerous subfields to permit individuals to concentrate on the subtleties that make up the investigation of man. The two significant subfields of human sciences are physical human studies and social human studies. Physical human sciences can be characterized as: the investigation of the organic, physiological, anatomical and hereditary qualities of both antiquated and current human populaces. Physical anthropologists study the transformative advancement of the human species by a similar investigation of both fossil and living primates. They study the mechanics of developmental change through an investigation of hereditary variety in human populaces (Angrosino 2002: 1). Regular science is the primary focal point of physical human studies to examine the idea of man and its inception of presence. The history is considered utilizing the fossils to distinguish the body structure of man before. It likewise includes hereditary qualities in contemplating the populaces and the distinctions of individuals. Then again, social anthropo

5 Exam Study Tips for Students With ADHD

5 Exam Study Tips for Students With ADHD Studying for exams can be a very stressful experience when you have ADHD. You might find you spend much more time studying for exams than other students, yet your grades do not reflect your effort. This can leave you feeling disappointed, frustrated, and demotivated. Four challenging areas are: Deciding what topics are most important to studyStudying for the exam in the weeks leading before the exam (rather than waiting to the last minute)Being able to sit down and focus on studyingReading and remembering the material Here are some ADHD friendly tips to help you study for your exams.   1) Connect With Your Teacher at the Beginning of the Semester Preparing for exams starts early!  At the beginning of the semester or school year, make a point of introducing yourself to your teacher.  A positive, communicative relationship with your teacher or professor can make a big difference, especially if they are knowledgeable about learning issues that can be associated with ADHD. If not, share with them what areas are more difficult for you and the strategies you are using to help with learning. This lets your teacher know you are being proactive and are invested in doing well in class. It also corrects any misperceptions the teacher may have as sometimes ADHD behavior can look like you are not motivated or interested, such as arriving a few minutes late for class, gazing out of the window or missing a deadline. Class Notes Taking notes in class can be hard when you have ADHD. If you are eligible for student accommodations, you might be given a scribe.  This is when the office of student disabilities arranges for a student in your class to give you a copy of their notes. However, if you do not get this accommodation formally, why not identify a student in the class who is organized and good at note-taking, and ask if they would be willing to share notes. Getting the class notes is an important part of preparing for exams. 2) Approximately 1 Month Before the Exam As an exam date moves closer, ask your teacher for specific information about what topic areas will be covered on the exam. For example:Which chapters or readings will be in the exam?Will the lectures be the primary source for the exam?If your teacher has given out a review sheet, ask for their help so you can prioritize areas to study. If you don’t have a review sheet, gather together handouts, old quizzes, assignments on the topic and the class syllabus. Bring these with you when you meet with the teacher to get help in prioritizing areas of study for the test. Format Ask the teacher about the format of the exam and what type of questions should you expect. Will it be multiple choice, essay, or sets of problems to solve? Will you need to memorize facts or apply them? Will you need to define terms, compare and contrast or argue and support points? This will give you more information about how to study. Planning Some students skip the planning phase because they want to use their time to study. However, planning takes a relatively short amount of time, and it will help you avoid all-nighters and anxiety the exam day approaches. During your planning time, break down the material you need to study into manageable chunks so it doesn’t feel so overwhelming. Get help doing this if you need it, perhaps a friend, tutor, teacher, coach, or parent. Set up an exam study schedule. Decide what you will study first. Some people do better getting the harder, less known areas of study out of the way first. Others feel more motivated when they are able to get easier or more interesting aspects completed first. For many students with ADHD, getting started and staying focused while studying is a big part of the equation. Planning when you are going to study and what you will study at that time helps reduce procrastination and aids focus. How to Study When it is time to study, work in short blocks of time and then take a mini break. For example:Set a timer to go off after 30 minutes of studying (or whatever amount of time works best for you) and then take a break.During your breaks, get up and walk around,  or even do some jumping jacks.Then study again for another 30 minutes. Some students find that a small reward after a period of study helps to motivate them to study. Location Find a study area that helps you to focus. For some people that is a place that is free from distractions. Other students find they can concentrate best in a busy area, such as the library or a coffee shop. Other people like to vary their location. Learning Strategies Think about your learning style and how to match it up with the material you need to learn. Simple flashcards made from index cards are often helpful when you need to memorize terms, definitions or theories.Outlines are helpful in preparing for essay exams. Other ideas that can help you retain information include: Drawing diagrams and pictures  Explaining the concepts to a friendWriting or hearing the material again and againUsing mnemonics for difficult-to-remember information Study Groups There are pros and cons to studying in groups. When they are organized and focused, they can often improve learning. If larger groups are uncomfortable, you might find that studying with a friend helps you stay on track. “Teaching” the material to another student can also aid in learning. Tutor You may also want to explore the possibility of a tutor to help you organize your thoughts, prioritize study topics and help keep you focused. 3) The Night Before Exam Day Pack your book bag with all your necessary items such as pencils, paper, id, energy bar, water, and anything else you’ll need and set it by the door.Instead of staying up all night studying, go to bed and get some sleep. 4) Day of the Exam Eat some protein for breakfast.Arrive at the exam room a little early so that you will feel calm and organized.Good luck! 5) After the Exam Once you get the exam back, arrange a time to meet with your teacher to review your results. Ask for feedback on how you might have responded more comprehensively on essay sections and for any other recommendations your teacher may have to help. Advocating for yourself in this way not only helps give you more information about what you can do to improve your performance on the next test, but it also lets your teacher know you are invested and motivated to learn.

Climate Change An Article By Business Insider - 912 Words

For the last decade there has been a topic that everybody has either something positive or negative to talk about, and that would be climate change. It is something where people are trying to figure out the main reason that is causing climate change. One of the main reasons that people believe is the problem are big corporations. Some of the worst companies from an article by business insider are Archer Daniels Midland, AES, PPL, Progress Energy, Duke Energy, FirstEnergy, Southern, Bunge, American Electric Power, Ameren, Consol Energy, ConAgra Foods, Allegheny Energy, NRG Energy, Peabody Energy. (Yarow, J. (2009).) Most of these companies that were listed are mainly energy companies, which could explain why they are listed as the fifteen worst companies that are destroying our environment. All of these companies do something that contributes in destroying climate change from polluting, not trying to use other resources that are more environmental friendly, and not having any enviro nmental policies. What also makes them worst is that these companies do not know what environments that they are destroying when making and selling their product. From an article from Quartz called the world’s biggest forest destroyers don’t even know what forests they’re are destroying, talks about how there is many countries do not even know that the products they are making are causing a damage to the environment. â€Å"Overall, though, the response rate was just 21%, CDP said, leaving massive gapsShow MoreRelatedDeforestation Is A Big Environmental Issue1092 Words   |  5 Pagesthe life of all the living things. (World Wildlife Fund) There are many factors that will result in deforestation such as â€Å"fires, clear-cutting for agriculture, ranching and development, unsustainable logging for timber, and degradation due to climate change† (World Wildlife Fund). Human activities would be the main cause of deforestation. (Ronca, 2008, p.1) World Wildl ife Fund states deforestation is a concern especially in tropical rainforests since rainforest is an essential ecosystem, which providesRead MoreAnalysis Of Seaworld And San Diego1215 Words   |  5 PagesSeaWorld Orlando has been reluctant to change its policies, their revenues continue to decrease. This decrease in revenues will not stop until something is done, in regards to the killer whales. Waiting until the Orca Act has passed will only lead to more public scrutiny and loss of revenues for SeaWorld. Orlando and San Antonio should begin to phase out their killer whales shows and create a more natural way of life for these beautiful creatures. Article #2 - New York is Investigating ExxonRead MoreMajor Media Companies Continue For Dump Newsprint1043 Words   |  5 PagesMajor Media Companies Continue to Dump Newsprint Journals: The New York Times, 8/10/14 (Print is Down, and Now Out) http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/11/business/media/media-companies-spin-off-newspapers-to-uncertain-futures.html?_r=0 The Atlantic 8/11/14 (A Terrible Year for Newspapers, a Good Year for News) http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/08/a-terrible-year-for-newspapers-a-great-year-for-news/375859/ SUMMARY OF PRINT IS DOWN, AND NOW OUT Recently, huge players in the newspaperRead MoreShould We Eat Healthy And Tasty Food At Only?1197 Words   |  5 Pagesenterprise: Too Good To Go (â€Å"TGTG†). Through the TGTG app, one can order food that may otherwise be thrown away at reduced prices. It is a social initiative addressing a 3 of the UN Sustainable development goals: Responsible Consumption and Productions, Climate Action and in some way, reduce inequality: everyone is deserving and worthy of healthy and quality food regardless of demographic. The founders, British born Chris Wilson and James Crummie, were troubled by the amount of leftover food thrown awayRead MorePrioritizing Hawaii Born Homeless Before Those From The Mainland1392 Words   |  6 PagesBrandt Ben English 100 Norman Thompson December 14, 2015 Prioritizing Hawaii-born Homeless before Those from the Mainland Hawaii is known for its beautiful beaches, tropical climate, and (former) pineapple exports. This state is also number one in a lot of areas: worst traffic, highest cost of living, and highest homeless population. These are all important issues that most people outside of the islands do not think about when imagining a tropical paradise. The homeless population is a criticalRead MorePros And Cons Of Space Exploration1220 Words   |  5 Pagescompletely new and different life forms or we might find a planet that can sustain life. We may even find new human-like species, or aliens who are even more developed than we are. Exploring space may lead us to the discovery of an all-new world. In an article, â€Å"Alien Life May Exist Without Conditions Like Earth† by Stephen Morgan, Stephen Morgan editor at large for Digital Journal, contends that finding life outside of our own planet is very likely. Alien life-forms may not even need conditions similarRead MorePolitical Discourse And Action Report1469 Words   |  6 Pagessome very troubling times. With having two very detested presidential candidates running for office from both sides of the aisle and a very divided nation, America is certainly in a state of unease. With many important issues such as gun control, climate change, healthcare, and foreign policy being some of the hottest topics in politics, people will have their opinions and some might be very polarizing from each other. Some will lean conservative while others will lean liberal. Today I will be talkingRead MoreEssay On Air Pollution1677 Words   |  7 Pages Global Article Analysis 3: Air Pollution There are multiple environmental issues that exist and are constantly harming the planet. Many of these issues have effects that are unique to certain countries, or even effects that are similar to other countries. Overall, these issues can be similar or dissimilar in multiple aspects, such as the biological, physical, and cultural perspectives. The causes and effects, problem severity, citizen perceptions, and proposed solutions and efforts to repair theseRead MoreA Report On The Business Insider1061 Words   |  5 Pagesdemand. 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When they think the gain outweighs the risk they take every opportunity to execute their ideas

Biology Study Of Living Organisms And Is Characterized...

Nazanin Valibeigi Discipline Awareness: Biology Section 1: Biology is the study of living organisms and is characterized as a science. A biological research paper is a method of presenting and interpreting data gathered by an investigator in an experiment or investigation. Brenna Cannon is a biology student at George Mason University and lab assistant in Dr. Geraldine Grant s lab who s research focuses on studying idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which is an interstitial lung disease. This experiment more specifically studies â€Å"the effect of transforming growth factor-beta, a protein naturally found in the body, on IPF fibroblasts versus normal lung fibroblasts† (Cannon, B.). This project functions as an example of how knowledge is produced in the biological discipline for the reason that it is a study on the physiological and anatomical effects of a disease that starts with a question that leads to an investigation. This results in data collected that is combined by background information from previous studies that will lead to conclusions. A majority of academic knowledge that is obtained within the field of biology is produced by the experimental method mentioned above. Section 2: The biology info guide is a great tool for research and gathering background information when conducting a scientific investigation by providing links for key scientific databases, academic journals, online encyclopedias, and booksShow MoreRelatedA Graduate Program Director And Committee Members1072 Words   |  5 PagesCommittee members, I have always been interested in learning more about the underlying secrets of living organisms and it intrigued me to prefer Biology compared to other science subjects. I completed my undergraduate and MS degree from the Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology at the University of Dhaka which is the top-ranked biology program of Bangladesh. 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Building a 21st Century Organization Free Essays

string(66) " dimensions can contribute to the organization that is perceived\." The power and versatility of the human visual system derive in large part from its remarkable ability to find structure and organization in the images encoded by the retinas. To discover and describe structure, the visual system uses a wide array of perceptual organization mechanisms ranging from the relatively low-level mechanisms that underlie the simplest principles of grouping and segregation, to relatively high-level mechanisms in which complex learned associations guide the discovery of structure. The Gestalt psychologists were the first to fully appreciate the fundamental importance of perceptual organization (e. We will write a custom essay sample on Building a 21st Century Organization or any similar topic only for you Order Now g. , see Kohler, 1947; Pomerantz Kubovy, 1986). Objects often appear in different contexts and are almost never imaged from the same viewpoint; thus, the retinal images associated with physical objects are generally complex and varied. To have any hope of obtaining a useful interpretation of the retinal images, such as recognizing objects that have been encountered previously, there must be initial processes that organize the image data into those groups most likely to form meaningful objects. Perceptual organization is also important because it generally results in highly compact representations of the images, facilitating later processing, storage, and retrieval. (See Witkin Tenenbaum, 1983, for a discussion of the importance of perceptual organization from the viewpoint of computational vision. ) Although much has been learned about the mechanisms of perceptual organization (see, e. g. , Beck, 1982; Bergen, 1991; Palmer Rock, 1994; Pomerantz Kubovy, 1986), progress in developing testable quantitative theories has been slow. One area where substantial progress has been made is in models of texture grouping and segregation. These models have begun to put the study of perceptual organization on a firm theoretical footing that is consistent with the psychophysics and physiology of low-level vision. Two general types of model for texture segregation have been proposed. In the feature-based models, retinal images are initially processed by mechanisms that find specific features, such as edge segments, line segments, blobs, and terminators. Grouping and segregation are then accomplished by finding the image regions that contain the same feature or cluster of features (see, e. g. , Julesz, 1984, 1986; Marr, 1982; Treisman, 1985). These models are relatively simple, are consistent with some aspects of low-level vision, and have been able to account for a range of experimental results. In the filter-based models, retinal images are initially processed by tuned channels, for example, â€Å"contrast-energy† channels selective for size and orientation. Grouping and segregation are then accomplished by finding those image regions with approximately constant output from one or more channels (Beck, Sutter, Ivry, 1987; Bergen Landy, 1991; Bovik, Clark, Geisler, 1990; Caelli, 1988; Chubb Sperling, 1988; Clark, Bovik, Geisler, 1987; Fogel Sagi, 1989; Graham, Sutter, Venkatesan, 1993; Victor, 1988; Victor Conte, 1991; Wilson Richards, 1992). These models have some advantages over the existing feature-based models: They can be applied to arbitrary images, they are generally more consistent with known low-level mechanisms in the visual system, and they have proven capable of accounting for a wider range of experimental results. However, the current models do not make accurate predictions for certain important classes of stimuli. One class of stimuli are those that contain regions of texture that can be segregated only on the basis of local structure (i. e. , shape). Another broad class of stimuli for which most current perceptual organization models do not make adequate predictions are those containing nonstationary structures; specifically, structures that change smoothly and systematically across space. Nonstationary structures are the general rule in natural images because of perspective projection, and because many natural objects are the result of some irregular growth or erosion process. A simple example of a nonstationary structure would be a contour formed by a sequence of line segments (a dashed contour) embedded in a background of randomly oriented line segments. Such contours are usually easily picked out by human observers. However, the elements of the contours cannot be grouped by the mechanisms contained in current filter-based or feature-based models, because no single orientation channel or feature is activated across the whole contour. Grouping the elements of such contours requires some kind of contour integration process that binds the successive contour elements together on the basis of local similarity. A more complex example of a nonstationary structure would be an image of wood grain. Such a texture contains many contours whose spacing, orientation, and curvature vary smoothly across the image. Again, such textures are easily grouped by human observers but cannot be grouped by the mechanisms contained in the current models. Grouping the contour elements of such textures requires some form of texture integration (the two-dimensional analogue of contour integration). The heart of the problem for existing quantitative models of grouping and segregation is that they do not represent the structure of the image data with the richness achieved by the human visual system. The human visual system apparently represents image information in an elaborate hierarchical fashion that captures many of the spatial, temporal, and chromatic relationships among the entities grouped at each level of the hierarchy. Grouping and segregation based on simple feature distinctions or channel responses may well be an important initial component of perceptual organization, but the final organization that emerges must depend on more sophisticated processes. The major theoretical aim of this study was to develop a framework for constructing and testing models of perceptual organization that capture some of the richness and complexity of the representations extracted by the human visual system, and yet are computationally well defined and biologically possible. Within this framework, we have developed a model of perceptual organization for two-dimensional (2D) line images and evaluated it on a number of â€Å"textbook† perceptual organization demonstrations. In this article we refer to this model as the extended model when it is necessary to distinguish it from a simplified version, the restricted model, described later. Perceptual organization must depend in some way on detected similarities and differences between image elements. Furthermore, it is obvious that similarities and differences along many different stimulus dimensions can contribute to the organization that is perceived. You read "Building a 21st Century Organization" in category "Papers" Although there have been many studies of individual stimulus dimensions, there have been few systematic attempts to study how multiple dimensions interact (Beck et al. , 1987; Fahle Abele, 1996; Li Lennie, 1996). The major experimental aim of this study was to measure how multiple stimulus dimensions are combined to determine grouping strength between image elements. To this end, we conducted a series of three-pattern grouping experiments to directly measure the tradeoffs among two, three, or four stimulus dimensions at a time. Predictions for these experiments were generated by a restricted version of the model appropriate for the experimental task. The experimental results provided both a test for the restricted model and a means of estimating the model’s parameters. The estimated parameter values were used to generate the predictions of the extended model for complex patterns. The next four sections describe, respectively, the theoretical framework, the restricted model, the experiments and results, and the extended model and demonstrations. Theoretical Framework for Perceptual Organization In this section we discuss four important components of perceptual organization: hierarchical representation, detection of primitives, detection of similarities and differences among image parts, and mechanisms for grouping image parts. These components taken together form the theoretical framework on which the restricted and extended quantitative models are based. Hierarchical Representation It is evident that the mechanisms of perceptual organization yield a rich hierarchical representation that describes the relationship of â€Å"parts† to â€Å"wholes† at a number of levels; that is, the wholes at one level often become the parts at the next level. However, there is evidence that the process by which the hierarchical representation is constructed does not proceed strictly either from local to global or from global to local. The global structure of a large letter composed of small letters can be discovered before the structure of the individual small letters is discovered (Navon, 1977), and there exist ambiguous figures, such as R. C. James’s classic Dalmatian dog, that can be solved locally only after at least some of the global structure is discovered. On the other hand, the discovery of structure must sometimes proceed from local to global; for example, it would be hard to extract the symmetry of a complex object without first extracting some of the structure of its subobjects. Any well-specified theory of perceptual organization must define what is meant by parts, wholes, and relationships between parts and wholes. Given the current state of knowledge, all definitions, including the ones we have adopted, must be tentative. Nonetheless, some basic definitions must be made in order to form working models. In our framework, the most primitive objects are defined on the basis of the current understanding of image encoding in the primary visual cortex of the primate visual system. Higher order objects are defined to be collections of lower order objects (which may include primitive objects), together with information about the relationships between the lower order objects. The range of relationships that the visual system can discover, the order and speed with which they are discovered, and the mechanisms used to find them are unsettled issues. As a starting point the relationships we consider are quantitative similarities and differences in size, position, orientation, color, and shape. These dimensions were picked for historical and intuitive reasons: They are major categories in human language and therefore are likely to correspond to perceptually important categories. The precise definitions of these dimensions of similarity between objects are given later. Detection of Primitives: Receptive-Field Matching One of the simplest mechanisms for detecting structure within an image is receptive-field matching, in which relatively hard-wired circuits are used to detect the different spatial patterns of interest. For example, simple cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys behave approximately like hard-wired templates: A strong response from a simple cell indicates the presence of a local image pattern with a position, orientation, size (spatial frequency), and phase (e. g. , even or odd symmetry) similar to that of the receptive-field profile (Hubel Wiesel, 1968; for a review, see DeValois DeValois, 1988). The complex cells in the primary visual cortex are another example. A strong response from a typical complex cell indicates a particular position, orientation, and spatial frequency independent of the spatial phase (Hubel Wiesel, 1968; DeValois DeValois, 1988). Receptive field matching may occur in areas other than the primary visual cortex, and may involve detection of image structures other than local luminance or chromatic contours, for example, structures such as phase discontinuities (von der Heydt Peterhans, 1989) and simple radially symmetric patterns (Gallant, Braun, Van Essen, 1993). An important aspect of receptive-field matching in the visual cortex is that the information at each spatial location is encoded by a large number of neurons, each selective to a particular size or scale. The population as a whole spans a wide range of scales and hence provides a â€Å"multiresolution† or â€Å"multiscale† representation of the retinal images (see, e. g. , DeValois DeValois, 1988). This multiresolution representation may play an important role in perceptual organization. For example, grouping of low-resolution information may be used to constrain grouping of high-resolution information, and vice versa. The quantitative models described here assume that receptive-field matching provides the primitives for the subsequent perceptual organization mechanisms. However, to hold down the complexity of the models, the receptive-field matching stage is restricted to include only units similar to those of cortical simple cells with small receptive fields. These units proved sufficient for the line pattern stimuli used in the experiments and demonstrations. Receptive-field matching is practical only for a few classes of simple image structure, such as contour segments; it is unreasonable to suppose that there are hard-wired receptive fields for every image structure that the visual system is able to detect, because of the combinatorial explosion in the number of receptive-field shapes that would be required. Thus, there must be additional, more flexible, mechanisms for detecting similarities and differences among image regions. These are discussed next. Similarity/Difference Detection Mechanisms Structure exists within an image if and only if some systematic similarities and differences exist between regions in the image. Thus, at the heart of any perceptual organization system there must be mechanisms that match or compare image regions to detect similarities and differences. (For this discussion, the reader may think of image regions as either parts of an image or as groups of detected primitives. ) Transformational matching A well-known general method of comparing image regions is to find out how well the regions can be mapped onto each other, given certain allowable transformations (see, e. g. , Neisser, 1967; Pitts McCulloch, 1947; Rosenfeld Kak, 1982; Shepard Cooper, 1982; Ullman, 1996). The idea is, in effect, to use one image region as a transformable template for comparison with another image region. If the regions closely match, following application of one of the allowable transformations, then a certain similarity between the image regions has been detected. Furthermore, the specific transformation that produces the closest match provides information about the differences between the image regions. For example, consider an image that contains two groups of small line segment primitives detected by receptive-field matching, such that each group of primitives forms a triangle. If some particular translation, rotation, and scaling of one of the groups brings it into perfect alignment with the other group then we would know that the two groups are identical in shape, and from the aligning transformation itself we would know how much the two groups differ in position, orientation, and size. There are many possible versions of transformational matching, and thus it represents a broad class of similarity-detection mechanisms. Transformational matching is also very powerful—there is no relationship between two image regions that cannot be described given an appropriately general set of allowable transformations. Thus, although there are other plausible mechanisms for detecting similarities and differences between image regions (see section on attribute matching), transformational matching is general enough to serve as a useful starting point for developing and evaluating quantitative models of perceptual organization. Use of both spatial position and color The most obvious form of transformational matching is based on standard template matching; that is, maximizing the correlation between the two image regions under the family of allowable transformations. However, template matching has a well-known limitation that often produces undesirable results. To understand the problem, note that each point in the two image regions is described by a position and a color. The most general form of matching would consist of comparing both the positions and colors of the points. However, standard template matching compares only the colors (e. g. , gray levels 2 ) at like positions. If the points cannot be lined up in space then large match errors may occur even though the positional errors may be small. A more useful and plausible form of matching mechanism would treat spatial and color information more equivalently by comparing both the spatial positions and the colors of the points or parts making up the objects. For such mechanisms, if the colors of the objects are identical then similarity is determined solely by how well the spatial coordinates of the points or parts making up the objects can be aligned and on the values of the spatial transformations that bring them into the best possible alignment. In other words, when the colors are the same, then the matching error is described by differences in spatial position. For such mechanisms, B matches A better than B matches C, in agreement with intuition. Later we describe a simple matching mechanism that simultaneously compares both the spatial positions and the colors of object points. We show that this mechanism produces matching results that are generally more perceptually sensible than those of template matching. Attribute matching Another well-known method of comparing groups is to measure various attributes or properties of the groups, and then represent the differences in the groups by differences in the measured attributes (see, e. g. , Neisser, 1967; Rosenfeld Kak, 1982; Selfridge, 1956; Sutherland, 1957). These attributes might be simple measures, such as the mean and variance of the color, position, orientation, or size of the primitives in a group, or they might be more complex measures, such as the invariant shape moments. It is likely that perceptual organization in the human visual system involves both transformational matching and attribute matching. However, the specific models considered here involve transformational matching exclusively. The primary reason is that perceptual organization models based on transformational matching have relatively few free parameters, yet they are sensitive to differences in image structure—an essential requirement for moving beyond existing filter- and feature-based models. For example, a simple transformational matching mechanism (described later) can detect small differences in arbitrary 2D shapes without requiring an explicit description of the shapes. On the other hand, specifying an attribute-matching model that can detect small differences in arbitrary shapes requires specifying a set of attributes that can describe all the relevant details of arbitrary shapes. This type of model would require many assumptions and/or free parameters. Our current view is that transformational matching (or something like it) may be the central mechanism for similarity/difference detection and that it is supplemented by certain forms of attribute matching. Matching groups to categories The discussion so far has assumed implicitly that transformational and attribute matching occur between different groups extracted from the image. However, it is obvious that the brain is also able to compare groups with stored information because this is essential for memory. Thus, the visual system may also measure similarities and differences between groups and stored categories, and perform subsequent grouping using these similarities and differences. These stored categories might be represented by prototypes or sets of attributes. Rather than use stored categories, the visual system could also measure similarities and differences to categories that emerge during the perceptual processing of the image. For example, the visual system could extract categories corresponding to prevalent colors within the image, and then perform subsequent grouping on the basis of similarities between the colors of image primitives and these emergent color categories. Grouping Mechanisms Once similarities and differences among image parts are discovered, then the parts may be grouped into wholes. These wholes may then be grouped to form larger wholes, resegregated into a different collection of parts, or both. However, it is important to keep in mind that some grouping can occur before all of the relevant relationships between the parts have been discovered. For example, it is possible to group together all image regions that have a similar color, before discovering the geometrical relationships among the regions. As further relationships are discovered, the representations of wholes may be enriched, new wholes may be formed, or wholes may be broken into new parts and reformed. Thus, the discovery of structure is likely to be an asynchronous process that operates simultaneously at multiple levels, often involving an elaborate interleaving of similarity/difference detection and grouping. Within the theoretical framework proposed here we consider one grouping constraint—the generalized uniqueness principle—and three grouping mechanisms: transitive grouping, nontransitive grouping, and multilevel grouping. The uniqueness principle and the grouping mechanisms can be applied at multiple levels and can be interleaved with similarity/difference detection. Generalized uniqueness principle The uniqueness principle proposed here is more general: it enforces the constraint that at any time, and at any level in the hierarchy, a given object (part) can be assigned to only one superordinate object (whole). An object at the lowest level (a primitive) in the hierarchy can be assigned to only one object at the next level, which in turn can be assigned to only one object at the next level, and so on. The sequence of nested objects in the hierarchy containing a given object is called the part–whole path of the object. The generalized uniqueness principle, if valid, constrains the possible perceptual organizations that can be found by the visual system. Nontransitive grouping Our working hypothesis is that similarity in spatial position (proximity) contributes weakly to nontransitive grouping. If proximity were making a dominant contribution, then separated objects could not bind together separately from the background objects. Proximity contributes powerfully to a different grouping mechanism, transitive grouping, which is described next. We propose that transitive and nontransitive grouping are in some competition with each other and that the visual system uses both mechanisms in the search for image structure. References Beck, J. (Ed. ). (1982). Organization and representation in perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Beck, J. , Sutter, A. , Ivry, R. (1987). Spatial frequency channels and perceptual grouping in texture segregation. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 37, 299–325. Bergen, J. R. (1991). Theories of visual texture perception. In D. Regan (Ed. ), Spatial vision (pp. 114–134). New York: Macmillan. Bergen, J. R. , Landy, M. S. (1991). Computational modeling of visual texture segregation. In M. S. Landy J. A. Movshon (Eds. ), Computational models of visual processing (pp. 253–271). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bovik, A. C. , Clark, M. , Geisler, W. S. (1990). Multichannel texture analysis using localized spatial filters. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12, 55–73. Caelli, T. M. (1988). An adaptive computational model for texture segmentation. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 18, 9–17. Chubb, C. , Sperling, G. (1988). Processing stages in non-Fourier motion perception. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 29Suppl. 266. Clark, M. , Bovik, A. C. , Geisler, W. S. (1987). Texture segmentation using a class of narrowband filters. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (pp. 571–574). New York: IEEE. Fahle, M. , Abele, M. (1996). Sub-threshold summation of orientation, color, and luminance cues in figure–ground discrimination. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science, 37Suppl. S1147. Fogel, I. , Sagi, D. (1989). Gabor filters as texture discriminator. Biological Cybernetics, 61, 103–113. Gallant, J. L. , Braun, J. , Van Essen, D. C. (1993, January). Selectivity for polar, hyperbolic, and Cartesian gratings in macaque visual cortex. Science, 259, 100–103. Geisler, W. S. , Albrecht, D. G. (1995). Bayesian analysis of identification in monkey visual cortex: Nonlinear mechanisms and stimulus certainty. Vision Research, 35, 2723–2730. Geisler, W. S. , Albrecht, D. G. (1997). Visual cortex neurons in monkeys and cats: Detection, discrimination and identification. Visual Neuroscience, 14, 897–919. Geisler, W. S. , Chou, K. (1995). Separation of low-level and high-level fac How to cite Building a 21st Century Organization, Papers

The Last Night that She Lived Essay Example

The Last Night that She Lived Paper Emily Dickinson The Last Night She Lived The speakers attitude towards the womans death can be divided into two sections in The Last Night that She Lived by Emily Dickinson. In the beginning (lines 1-20), the reader sees the speaker feeling pain and being aware of the womans death. In lines 21- 28 the speaker shows feelings of guilt but also respect. The use of metaphors, similes, caesuras, oxymoron, repetition, and syntax all lead to the overall tone for this poem: despair. A prominent topic throughout the poem Is the inevitability of the womans death. Lines 2-4 are a good representation of this. Words such as common and nature in lines 2 and 4 let the reader know that the speaker understands the death is inevitable and it is all just a part of life. Repetition throughout the poem shows the commonness of death and also the despair they feel over it. Line 5 begins the repetition with we noticed. Each repetition found throughout the poem is the pronoun we followed by a verb such as we went (line 9), we waited (line 17), and we placed (line 25). The repetition helps to build on the authors idea of death being common. The oxymoron In the poem makes the reader think about the harsh time the speaker Is going through. Oxymoron also builds on the Idea of inevitability or commonness. The oxymoron found In line 7 describes death. The speaker relates death too great light. Death Is dark and gloomy Instead of being a light. This interprets that the darkness of death can still bring peace to the one dying. The second oxymoron in line 16 is nearly infinite. When something is infinite it means it goes on forever. Putting the word nearly in front of that contradicts the use of infinite. We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Night that She Lived specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Night that She Lived specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Last Night that She Lived specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of this oxymoron shows the reader how slowly time seemed to be going for the speaker. The speaker is also aware that the womans time of death is near. In line 5 the speaker mentions that the people notice things that were in the past. Everything begins to seem a little more precious than it used to. The speaker can only stand idly waiting on the woman to die. Because of this, everything around the speaker seems to stand still. Little things are brought to light while waiting on the inevitable to happen due to heightened senses. The speakers guilt begins In line 11. The speaker realizes that everyone else will still be alive the following day, but the woman dying will have already passed. In line 15 the speaker uses the term Jealousy foe instead of jealousy of. This goes along with the attitude of guilt. Instead of being jealous and wanting to be in the womans place, the speaker wants to be with the woman as she goes through this. The speaker feels guilt that the woman dying is going through this alone. The speaker used the metaphor It was a narrow time in nine 18 to explain how the time they had with the woman was slipping away. The metaphor reiterates how quickly the time passed while waiting on the inevitable. The speakers pain in line 19 lets the reader know that the womans time to pass is closer than ever. The speaker states that their souls were too Jostled to speak. Even though the speaker knew this time was coming, it did not make the passing any easier at that moment. The death was common, but It was also a painful time to let go. The period In line 20 Is the speakers way of Identifying when the blur stopped. It shows that the death Is even closer now than It was In the beginning of the poem. The notice the speaker mentions in that line is the death. The woman dying also represent this. The woman did not fight the death, but instead, she went lightly as a reed. This shows that the woman went peacefully. The speaker shows a great deal of respect for the woman in the final stanza. Even though the woman has died, the speaker wants to put her head into place and fix her hair. The speaker does not leave her side even after her life has passed. Lines 27 and 28 show that even though the death was common, the speaker still must come to terms with all the emotions. The speaker uses another oxymoron in line 27. The awful leisure represents the speakers sadness about having to move on, but shows that the hectic time is now over. Leisure usually means that a person is at peace and rest while having a nice time. This leisure proves to be darker than normal. This allows everyone to comprehend what has happened. Line 28 states that life will soon regulate for the speaker once the emotions have calmed down.